Large language models (LLMs) refer to artificial intelligence used to create new content by predicting the likelihood of a character word, or string, based on preceding context. Popular examples include ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek.

The Valuation Adjustment Mechanism (VAM) agreement, also known as “Bet-on Agreement", is widely employed in the investment activities between the investor and the invested company, agreeing upon some conditions(mostly the future financial performance indicator of the invested companies) by which the investors may exercise the right to inject more when the conditions are capital satisfied, or withdraw investment if the project failed

For the purpose of the debate, presentism refers to the idea of applying the modern world’s moral sensibilities to judge people and practices of the past.For the purpose of the debate, presentism refers to the idea of applying the modern world’s moral sensibilities to judge people and practices of the past.

A bail-in is a financial rescue strategy where a failing bank's losses are covered internally by using the funds of its shareholders, bondholders, or large depositors. In contrast, a bail-out involves external support—typically from the government or central bank—providing public funds to keep a failing institution solvent and prevent broader economic fallout.